Around the world, 5–8% of crop production would be lost without animal pollination, and pollination also provides many services to ecosystems, such as enhancing biodiversity and increasing food production without threatening the environment. However, greater production also leads to an increased demand for pollination services. According to market prices, pollination by animals improves the global crop output by an additional USD 235–577 billion annually, with the greatest economic benefits having been seen in the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe. Proper pollination can improve the quantity and quality of fruits, nuts, oils, and other crops produced. There is an ever-increasing demand for food security in the face of challenges such as climate change, land-use changes, habitat transformation, and the expanding human population. The factors influencing bee visitation of flowers and plants, in addition to a comparison of bees and other insect pollinators, are reported.Ģ. This review aims to highlight the role of the bee in plant pollination and its impact on the economy. In comparison to wild bees alone, Greenleaf and Kremen observed that interactions between wild bees and honey bees doubled pollination rates and enhanced the prevalence of hybrid sunflowers by five-fold. Although several other bee species also contribute to pollination, researchers have focused on only a limited number of these to date, particularly the bumble bee ( Bombus spp.). The Western honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) is the main species responsible for bee pollination worldwide and meets, for instance, 34% of pollination service demands in the United Kingdom. For instance, in the USA alone, pollination results in USD 16 billion annually with USD 12 billion attributable solely to the accessibility of honey bees. Each season, honey bees, local bees, and flies pollinate 48 crops of the world’s most valuable commodities, contributing significantly to the global economy. Pollination by insects is a key element in the production of a large number of agricultural products worldwide, including aromatic and medicinal plants such as black cumin ( Nigella sativa linn), cumin ( Cuminum cyminum linn), anise ( Pimpinella anisum linn), sunflower ( Helianthus spp.), and coriander ( Coriandrum sativum linn). The one ton of crop production that is not dependent on insect pollination is valued at about EUR 151, compared to an average of EUR 761 for crops dependent on pollinators. The leading categories of insect-pollinated crops are vegetables and fruit, making around EUR 50 billion each, followed by edible petroleum crops, stimulants, nuts and spices. Global pollination’s economic value averaged EUR 153 billion, which is worth 9.5% of the world’s agricultural production of human food in 2005. Thirty percent of these crops participate in global economic food production. deliciosa), passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis), and watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) from 200 countries.
Īnimal pollinators contribute to the production of 87 global crops, including cocoa ( Theobroma cacao), kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa var. Possible other vectors include water and wind, and animal pollinators involve bats, birds, butterflies, hoverflies, wasps, thrips, diptera, and other animals. For instance, incorporating both wild and managed bee species in a region could enhance cross-pollination.
Pollinators are the key players of the crop yield process since plants completely rely on vectors to transfer their pollen in cross-pollination. Pollination is defined as the process by which pollen moves from the male anthers to the female stigmata, either within the same flower (self-pollination) or between plants (cross-pollination). Consequently, pollination has a role in the economic sector owing to the improvement of quality and quantity. Pollination plays a vital role in maintaining the natural balance of ecosystems and is the cornerstone of crop production, providing a link between agriculture and the cycle of life.
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